Test Bank For Media & Culture Twelfth Edition Richard Campbell

Description

Table of Contents

1 Mass Communication: A Critical Approach 

Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication 

Oral and Written Eras in Communication 

The Print Revolution 

The Electronic Era 

The Digital Era

The Linear Model of Mass Communication

A Cultural Model for Understanding Mass Communication

The Development of Media and Their Role in Our Society 

The Evolution of Media: From Emergence to Convergence 

Media Convergence 

Stories: The Foundation of Media 

Media Stories in Everyday Life 

Agenda Setting and Gatekeeping 

Surveying the Cultural Landscape 

EXAMINING ETHICS Covering War and Displaying Images 

Culture as a Skyscraper 

Culture as a Map 

Cultural Values of the Modern Period 

Shifting Values in Postmodern Culture 

Critiquing Media and Culture 

Media Literacy and the Critical Process 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS 

Benefits of a Critical Perspective 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

For videos, review quizzing, and more, visit LaunchPad for Media & Culture at launchpadworks.com

 

PART 1: DIGITAL MEDIA AND CONVERGENCE 

 

2 The Internet, Digital Media, and Media Convergence 

The Development of the Internet and the Web 

The Birth of the Internet 

The Net Widens 

The Commercialization of the Internet 

Social Media and Democracy 

EXAMINING ETHICS Social Media Fraud and Elections 

Convergence and Mobile Media 

Media Converges on Our PCs and TVs 

Mobile Devices Propel Convergence 

The Impact of Media Convergence and Mobile Media 

The Next Era: The Semantic Web 

The Economics and Issues of the Internet 

Ownership: Controlling the Internet 

Targeted Advertising and Data Mining 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Designed in California, Assembled in China 

Security: The Challenge to Keep Personal Information Private 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Note to Self for Healthy Digital Consumption 

Appropriateness: What Should Be Online? 

Access: The Fight to Prevent a Digital Divide 

Net Neutrality: Maintaining an Open Internet 

Net Neutrality 

Alternative Voices

The Internet and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

3 Digital Gaming and the Media Playground 

The Development of Digital Gaming 

Mechanical Gaming 

The First Video Games 

Arcades and Classic Games 

Consoles and Advancing Graphics 

Gaming on PCs 

Portable Players

The Internet Transforms Gaming 

MMORPGs, MOBAs, Virtual Worlds, and Social Gaming 

Gaming Apps  

The Media Playground 

Video Game Genres 

Communities of Play: Inside the Game 

Communities of Play: Outside the Game 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Phones in Hand, the World Finds Pokémon (and Wizards) 

Trends and Issues in Digital Gaming 

Electronic Gaming and Media Culture 

Video Games at the Movies 

Electronic Gaming and Advertising 

Addiction and Other Concerns 

Examining Ethics The Gender Problem in Digital Games

Regulating Gaming

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS First-Person Shooter Games: Misogyny as Entertainment? 

The Future of Gaming and Interactive Environments 

The Business of Digital Gaming 

The Ownership and Organization of Digital Gaming 

The Structure of Digital Game Publishing 

Selling Digital Games 

Alternative Voices 

Digital Gaming, Free Speech, and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

PART 2: Sounds and Images 

 

4 Sound Recording and Popular Music 

The Development of Sound Recording 

From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium 

From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital 

Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age 

Recording Music Today 

The Rocky Relationship between Records and Radio 

U.S. Popular Music and the Formation of Rock 

The Rise of Pop Music 

Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay 

Rock Muddies the Waters 

Battles in Rock and Roll 

A Changing Industry: Reformations in Popular Music 

The British Are Coming! 

Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul 

Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Music Preferences across Generations 

Punk and Indie Respond to Mainstream Rock 

Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines 

The Reemergence of Pop 

The Business of Sound Recording 

Music Labels Influence the Industry 

Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Latin Pop Goes Mainstream

Alternative Strategies for Music Marketing 

Examining Ethics The Music Industry’s Day of Reckoning

Alternative Voices 

Streaming Music Videos 

Sound Recording, Free Expression, and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

5 Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting 

Early Technology and the Development of Radio 

Maxwell and Hertz Discover Radio Waves 

Marconi and the Inventors of Wireless Telegraphy 

Wireless Telephony: De Forest and Fessenden 

Regulating a New Medium 

The Evolution of Radio 

Building the First Networks 

Sarnoff and NBC: Building the “Blue” and “Red” Networks 

Government Scrutiny Ends RCA-NBC Monopoly 

CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC 

Bringing Order to Chaos with the Radio Act of 1927 

The Golden Age of Radio 

Radio Reinvents Itself 

Transistors Make Radio Portable 

The FM Revolution and Edwin Armstrong 

The Rise of Format and Top 4 Radio 

Resisting the Top 4  

The Sounds of Commercial Radio 

Format Specialization 

Examining Ethics How Did Talk Radio Become So One Sided? 

Nonprofit Radio and NPR 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Comparing Commercial and Noncommercial Radio 

New Radio Technologies Offer More Stations 

Going Visual: Video, Radio, and the Web 

Radio and Convergence 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Radio Stories from Around the World 

Radio: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 

The Economics of Broadcast Radio 

Local and National Advertising 

Manipulating Playlists with Payola 

Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation 

Alternative Voices 

Radio and the Democracy of the Airwaves 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

6 Television and Cable: The Power of Visual Culture 

The Origins and Development of Television 

Early Innovations in TV Technology 

Electronic Technology: Zworykin and Farnsworth 

Controlling Content—TV Grows Up 

The Development of Cable 

CATV—Community Antenna Television 

The Wires and Satellites behind Cable Television 

Cable Threatens Broadcasting 

Cable Services 

DBS: Cable without Wires 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Telling and Selling Stories around the World

Technology and Convergence Change Viewing Habits 

Television Networks Evolve 

Home Video 

The Third Screen: TV Converges with the Internet 

Fourth Screens: Smartphones and Mobile Video 

EXAMINING ETHICS #MeToo and TV Station Policy

Major Programming Trends 

TV Entertainment: Our Comic Culture 

TV Entertainment: Our Dramatic Culture 

Television Drama: Then and Now 

TV Information: Our Daily News Culture 

Reality TV and Other Enduring Genres 

Public Television Struggles to Find Its Place 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS TV and the State of Storytelling 

Regulatory Challenges to Television and Cable 

What Makes Public Television Public? 

Government Regulations Temporarily Restrict Network Control 

Balancing Cable’s Growth against Broadcasters’ Interests 

Franchising Frenzy 

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 

The Economics and Ownership of Television and Cable 

Production 

Distribution 

Syndication Keeps Shows Going and Going . . . 

Measuring Television Viewing 

The Major Programming Corporations 

Alternative Voices 

Television, Cable, and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

7 Movies and the Impact of Images 

Early Technology and the Evolution of Movies 

The Development of Film 

The Introduction of Narrative 

The Arrival of Nickelodeons 

The Rise of the Hollywood Studio System 

Production 

Distribution 

Exhibition 

The Studio System’s Golden Age 

Hollywood Narrative and the Silent Era 

The Introduction of Sound 

The Development of the Hollywood Style 

Breaking Barriers with 12 Years a Slave 

Outside the Hollywood System 

Examining Ethics Breaking through Hollywood’s Race Barrier 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Beyond Hollywood: Asian Cinema 

The Transformation of the Studio System 

The Hollywood Ten 

The Paramount Decision 

Moving to the Suburbs 

Television Changes Hollywood 

Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment 

The Economics of the Movie Business 

Production, Distribution, and Exhibition Today 

The Major Studio Players 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Blockbuster Mentality 

Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Digital Turn 

Alternative Voices 

Popular Movies and Democracy 

More Than a Movie: Social Issues and Film 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

PART 3: Words and Pictures 

 

8 Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism 

The Evolution of American Newspapers 

Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press 

The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media 

The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation 

Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism 

“Objectivity” in Modern Journalism 

Interpretive Journalism 

Literary Forms of Journalism 

Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age 

Newspapers and the Internet: Convergence 

The Business and Ownership of Newspapers 

Consensus versus Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Covering the News Media Business 

Newspapers Target Specific Readers 

Newspaper Operations 

Examining Ethics Alternative Journalism: The Activism of Dorothy Day and I. F. Stone 

Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip 

Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition 

Challenges Facing Newspapers Today 

Readership Declines in the United States 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Newspaper Readership across the Globe

Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers 

Community Voices: Weekly Newspapers 

Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital 

New Models for Journalism 

Alternative Voices 

Newspapers and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

9 Magazines in the Age of Specialization 

The Early History of Magazines 

The First Magazines 

Magazines in Colonial America 

U.S. Magazines in the Nineteenth Century 

National, Women’s, and Illustrated Magazines 

The Development of Modern American Magazines 

Social Reform and the Muckrakers 

The Rise of General-Interest Magazines 

Examining Ethics The Evolution of Photojournalism  

The Fall of General-Interest Magazines 

Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age 

The Domination of Specialization 

Magazine Specialization Today 

Men’s and Women’s Magazines 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Cosmopolitan Style Travels the World

Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines 

Magazines for the Ages 

Elite Magazines 

Media Literacy and the Critical Process Uncovering American Beauty 

Minority-Targeted Magazines 

Supermarket Tabloids 

The Organization and Economics of Magazines 

Magazine Departments and Duties 

Narrowcasting in Magazines 

Major Magazine Chains 

Alternative Voices 

Magazines in a Democratic Society 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

1 Books and the Power of Print 

The History of Books, from Papyrus to Paperbacks 

The Development of Manuscript Culture 

The Innovations of Block Printing and Movable Type 

The Gutenberg Revolution: The Invention of the Printing Press 

The Birth of Publishing in the United States 

Modern Publishing and the Book Industry 

The Formation of Publishing Houses 

Types of Books 

EXAMINING ETHICS Contemporary Politics Revives Interest in Classic Novels 

Trends and Issues in Book Publishing 

Based On: Making Books into Movies 

Influences of Television and Film 

Audio Books 

Convergence: Books in the Digital Age 

Preserving and Digitizing Books 

Censorship and Banned Books 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Buenos Aires, the World’s Bookstore Capital 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Banned Books and “Family Values” 

The Organization and Ownership of the Book Industry 

Ownership Patterns 

The Structure of Book Publishing 

Selling Books: Book Superstores and Independent Booksellers 

Selling Books Online 

Alternative Voices 

Books and the Future of Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

PART 4: The Business of Mass Media 

 

11 Advertising and Commercial Culture 

Early Developments in American Advertising 

The First Advertising Agencies 

Advertising in the 18 s 

Promoting Social Change and Dictating Values 

Early Ad Regulation 

The Shape of U.S. Advertising Today 

The Influence of Visual Design 

Types of Advertising Agencies 

The Structure of Ad Agencies 

Trends in Online Advertising 

Advertising in the Digital Age 

Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising 

Conventional Persuasive Strategies 

The Association Principle 

Advertising as Myth and Story 

Product Placement 

EXAMINING ETHICS Do Alcohol Ads Encourage Binge Drinking? 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Branded You 

Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising 

Critical Issues in Advertising 

Advertising and Effects on Children 

GLOBAL VILLAGE Smoking Up the Global Market 

Watching Over Advertising 

Alternative Voices 

Advertising, Politics, and Democracy 

Advertising’s Role in Politics 

The Future of Advertising 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

12 Public Relations and Framing the Message 

Early Developments in Public Relations 

P. T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill 

Big Business and Press Agents 

The Birth of Modern Public Relations 

The Practice of Public Relations 

Approaches to Organized Public Relations 

Performing Public Relations 

EXAMINING ETHICS  Public Relations and “Alternative Facts”

GLOBAL VILLAGE Public Relations and Bananas 

Public Relations Adapts to the Internet Age 

Public Relations during a Crisis 

Tensions between Public Relations and the Press 

Elements of Professional Friction 

Give and Take: Public Relations and Journalism 

Shaping the Image of Public Relations 

Alternative Voices 

Public Relations and Democracy 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Invisible Hand of PR 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

13 Media Economics and the Global Marketplace 

Analyzing the Media Economy 

The Structure of the Media Industry 

The Business of Media Organizations 

EXAMINING ETHICS Are the Big Digital Companies Too Big?

The Transition to an Information Economy 

From Regulation to Deregulation 

Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers 

Business Tendencies in Media Industries 

Economics, Hegemony, and Storytelling 

Specialization, Global Markets, and Convergence 

The Rise of Specialization and Synergy 

Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate 

Disney’s Global Brand 

Global Audiences Expand Media Markets 

The Internet and Convergence Change the Game 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Cultural Imperialism and Movies 

Social Issues in Media Economics 

The Limits of Antitrust Laws 

GLOBAL VILLAGE China’s Dominant Media Corporations Rival America’s 

The Impact of Media Ownership 

The Fallout from a Free Market 

Cultural Imperialism 

The Media Marketplace and Democracy 

The Effects of Media Consolidation on Democracy 

The Media Reform Movement 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

PART 5: Democratic Expression and the Mass Media 

 

14 The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy 

Modern Journalism in the Information Age 

What Is News? 

Values in American Journalism 

GLOBAL VILLAGE  News Bias around the Globe 

Ethics and the News Media 

Ethical Predicaments 

Resolving Ethical Problems 

Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism 

Focusing on the Present 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Telling Stories and Covering Disaster 

Relying on Experts…Usually Men 

Balancing Story Conflict 

Acting as Adversaries 

Journalism in the Age of TV and the Internet 

Differences between Print, TV, and Internet News 

Pundits, “Talking Heads,” and Politics 

Convergence Enhances and Changes Journalism 

The Contemporary Journalist: Pundit or Reporter? 

The Power of Visual Language 

Alternative Models: Public Journalism and “Fake” News 

The Rise and Decline of the Public Journalism Movement 

The Shifting Meanings of “Fake” News and the Rise of Satiric Journalism  

Democracy and Reimagining Journalism’s Role 

Social Responsibility 

Deliberative Democracy 

A Lost Generation of Journalists

EXAMINING ETHICS WikiLeaks, Secret Documents, and Good Journalism 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

15 Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research 

Early Media Research Methods 

Propaganda Analysis 

Public Opinion Research 

Social Psychology Studies 

Marketing Research 

Research on Media Effects 

Early Theories of Media Effects 

Media Effects Research 

Conducting Media Effects Research 

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Wedding Media and the Meaning of the Perfect Wedding Day 

Contemporary Media Effects Theories 

Evaluating Research on Media Effects 

Cultural Approaches to Media Research 

Early Developments in Cultural Studies Research 

GLOBAL VILLAGE International Media Research

Conducting Cultural Studies Research 

EXAMINING ETHICS Our Masculinity Problem 

Cultural Studies’ Theoretical Perspectives 

Evaluating Cultural Studies Research 

Media Research and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

 

16 Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression 

The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press 

Models of Expression 

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution 

Censorship as Prior Restraint 

Unprotected Forms of Expression 

Media Literacy and the Critical Process Who Knows the First Amendment? 

CASE STUDY Is “Sexting” Pornography? 

First Amendment versus Sixth Amendment 

Film and the First Amendment 

Social and Political Pressures on the Movies 

Self-Regulation in the Movie Industry 

The MPAA Ratings System 

Expression in the Media: Print, Broadcast, and Online 

The FCC Regulates Broadcasting 

Dirty Words, Indecent Speech, and Hefty Fines 

Political Broadcasts and Equal Opportunity 

The Demise of the Fairness Doctrine 

Bloggers and Legal Rights 

Communication Policy and the Internet 

EXAMINING ETHICS  Is “Sexting” Pornography?

The First Amendment and Democracy 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

LaunchPad 

Extended Case Study Can We Trust Facebook with Our Personal Data?

Step 1: Description 

Step 2: Analysis 

Step 3: Interpretation 

Step 4: Evaluation 

Step 5: Engagement 

Notes

Glossary

Credits

Index